Liquidated damages

Liquidated damages are pre-agreed monetary amounts specified in a contract, designed to compensate the contracting authority if the contractor fails to meet specified performance obligations—most commonly for delays. Rather than calculating actual losses, this fixed amount (e.g., €X per day of delay) provides clarity and predictability for both parties. Contractors consider these clauses when bidding, as failure to perform on time can significantly reduce their net payment.

These clauses are valid when they represent a reasonable estimate of anticipated losses that are uncertain or hard to quantify at the time the contract is made. Courts generally uphold them when they are not punitive or disproportionate. They enable the buyer to avoid lengthy and costly disputes about actual damages and act as a form of contractual “insurance” or risk management.

In procurement, liquidated damages ensure accountability and serve as an incentive for timely delivery or performance. They help mitigate disruption by providing a clear remedy that is easier to enforce than open-ended penalties. However, the key is to set realistic, proportionate amounts and structure the clause carefully to maintain enforceability and uphold fairness in the tendering process.